York
University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian American research
university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is one of the
largest private non-profit institutions of American higher education.
NYU's main campus is located at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan
with institutes and centers on the Upper East Side, academic buildings
and dorms down on Wall Street, and the Brooklyn campus located at
MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn. The University also established
NYU Abu Dhabi, NYU Shanghai and maintains 11 other Global Academic
Centers in Accra, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Florence, London, Madrid, Paris,
Prague, Sydney, Tel Aviv and Washington, D.C
NYU
was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1950. NYU
counts thirty-six Nobel Prize winners, four Abel Prize winners, three
Turing Award winners, over thirty National Medals for Science,
Technology and Innovation, Arts and Humanities recipients, over thirty
Pulitzer Prize winners, over thirty Academy Award winners, as well as
several Russ Prize, Gordon Prize, Draper Prize and Fields Medal winners,
and dozens of Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award winners among its faculty
and alumni. NYU also has many MacArthur and Guggenheim Fellowship
holders as well as hundreds of National Academy of Sciences, National
Academy of Engineering and American Academy of Arts and Sciences
members, and a plethora of members of the United States Congress and
heads of state of countries all over the world, among its past and
present graduates and faculty. NYU has the most Oscar winners of any
university. The alumni of NYU are amongst the wealthiest in the world,
and include seventeen living billionaires.
NYU
is organized into more than twenty schools, colleges, and institutes,
located in six centers throughout Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn.
According to the Institute of International Education, NYU sends more
students to study abroad than any other US college or university, and
the College Board reports more online searches by international students
for "NYU" than for any other university.
History:
Albert
Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison, declared his intention to establish "in this immense and
fast-growing city ... a system of rational and practical education
fitting for all and graciously opened to all". A three-day long
"literary and scientific convention" held in City Hall in 1830 and
attended by over 100 delegates debated the terms of a plan for a new
university. These New Yonkers believed the city needed a university
designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather
than birthright, status, or social class. On April 18, 1831, an
institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent
New York City residents from the city's landed class of merchants,
bankers, and traders. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institution's
first president. On April 21, 1831, the new institution received its
charter and was incorporated as the University of the City of New York
by the New York State Legislature; older documents often refer to it by
that name. The university has been popularly known as New York
University since its beginning and was officially renamed New York
University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms
of four-story Clinton Hall, situated near City Hall. In 1835, the School
of Law, NYU's first professional school, was established. Although the
impetus to found a new school was partly a reaction by evangelical
Presbyterians to what they perceived as the Episcopalianism of Columbia
College, NYU was created non-denominational, unlike many American
colleges at the time.
The University Heights campus:
It
became one of the nation's largest universities, with an enrollment of
9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding.
The university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx
because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to
follow New York City's development further uptown. NYU's move to the
Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry
Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious
than its predecessor was. As a result, most of the university's
operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and
School of Engineering were housed there. NYU's administrative operations
were moved to the new campus, but the graduate schools of the
university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square
College was founded as the downtown undergraduate college of NYU. In
1935, NYU opened the "Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York
University at Hempstead, Long Island". This extension would later become
a fully independent Hofstra University.
In
1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, a
nonprofit organization of leading public and private research
universities.
In
the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York
City government and the troubles spread to the city's institutions,
including NYU. Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU
President James McNaughton Hester negotiated the sale of the University
Heights campus to the City University of New York, which occurred in
1973. In 1973, the New York University School of Engineering and Science
merged into Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, which in turn merged
into NYU to form the New York University Polytechnic School of
Engineering in 2014. After the sale of the Bronx campus, University
College merged with Washington Square College. In the 1980s, under the
leadership of President John Brademas, NYU launched a billion-dollar
campaign that was spent almost entirely on updating facilities. The
campaign was set to complete in 15 years, but ended up being completed
in 10. In 2003 President John Sexton launched a $2.5 billion campaign
for funds to be spent especially on faculty and financial aid resources.
In
2009, the university responded to a series of New York Times interviews
that showed a pattern of labor abuses in its fledgling Abu Dhabi
location, creating a statement of labor values for Abu Dhabi campus
workers. A 2014 follow-up article in The Times found that while some
conditions had improved, contractors for the multi billion-endowment
university were still frequently subjecting their workers to third-world
labor conditions. The article documented that these conditions included
confiscation of worker passports, forced overtime, recruitment fees and
cockroach-filled dorms where workers had to sleep under beds. According
to the article, workers who attempted to protest the NYU contractors'
conditions were promptly arrested. The university responded the day of
the article with an apology to the workers. Another report was published
and it maintains that those who were on strike were arrested by police
who then promptly abused them in a police station. Many of those who
were not local were then deported to their country.
NYU
was the founding member of the League of World Universities, an
international organization consisting of rectors and presidents from
urban universities across six continents. The league and its 47
representatives gather every two years to discuss global issues in
education. L. Jay Oliva formed the organization in 1991 just after he
was inaugurated president of New York University.
Academics
Schools and colleges
Flags identify NYU buildings around the city. This flag is for the Gallatin School of Individualized Study.
New York University comprises the following schools and colleges:
Arts & Science
College of Arts and Science
Graduate School of Arts and Science
Liberal Studies
Center for Urban Science and Progress
College of Dentistry
College of Global Public Health
College of Nursing
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
Gallatin School of Individualized Study
Institute of Fine Arts
Institute for the Study of the Ancient World
Leonard N. Stern School of Business
NYU Abu Dhabi
NYU Shanghai
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
Silver School of Social Work
School of Law
School of Medicine
School of Professional Studies
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
Tandon School of Engineering
Tisch School of the Arts
Arts
and Science is currently NYU's largest academic division. It has three
subdivisions: the College of Arts and Science, the Graduate School of
Arts and Science, and the Liberal Studies program.The College of Arts
and Science and Liberal Studies program are undergraduate divisions, and
the former has existed since the founding of NYU.
Undergraduate
divisions are also found in the College of Dentistry, College of
Nursing, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Gallatin School of
Individualized Study, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, NYU Abu
Dhabi, NYU Shanghai, Tandon School of Engineering, Silver School of
Social Work, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human
Development, and the Tisch School of the Arts. Postgraduate divisions
are found in all of NYU's schools and colleges.
NYU
has closed and merged various colleges and schools throughout its
history, sometimes after affiliating with other institutions. For
example, Polytechnic University affiliated with NYU in 2008 to become
the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, and in 2014 it merged
with NYU to become the Polytechnic School of Engineering.
Admissions
Admission
to NYU's undergraduate programs is highly selective, with 18,500
admitted from an applicant pool of 60,322 (31%) for the class of 2019.
Total
freshman enrollment is 5,873 for the 2014–2015 academic year,
representing 49 states and 90 countries, with 19% as non-US citizens.
Most freshmen have a typical unweighted GPA of 3.5/A (90–95%) and are in
the top 10% of their high school graduating class. 50% of freshmen
score between 1900 and 2140 on the SAT and between 28 and 32 on the ACT.
The student-to-faculty ratio at the New York campus is 10:1, and less
than that at the Abu Dhabi and Shanghai campuses. The average
scholarship amount awarded to freshmen is $29,528, and 22% of freshmen
received Pell Grants.
In
the 2014–2015 academic year, NYU enrolled more international students
than any other US academic institution, led by students from China.
Faculty and alumni
Main articles: List of New York University alumni and List of New York University faculty
NYU
is home to many prominent alumni. At least thirty-six Nobel Prize
winners are affiliated with NYU. NYU has 470,000 living alumni as of
2015. Notable graduating classes include 1941, which graduated three
later Nobel Prize laureates (Julius Axelrod, Gertrude B. Elion and
Clifford Shull), Olympic Gold Medalist John Woodruff, sportscaster
Howard Cosell and sociologist Morris Janowitz; 1951 included professor
emeritus at MIT and former DARPA director Jack Ruina and Cathleen Synge
Morawetz, first woman recipient of National Medal of Science; 1957
included Pulitzer Prize winning author Frank McCourt and president of
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Josef Singer; 1964 included
former Chief Engineer of NASA Johnson Space Center, Jay Greene and film
director Martin Scorsese; and 1977 included: former Fed Chairman Alan
Greenspan; IRS Commissioner Mark Everson; INSEAD Dean Gabriel Hawawini;
Pulitzer, Oscar and Tony Award winner John Patrick Shanley; NHL
Commissioner Gary Bettman; physicist Lewis E. Little; NASDAQ CEO Robert
Greifeld; Ma Ying-jeou president of Republic of China (Taiwan);
Guillermo Endara president of Republic of Panama, Clive Davis music
industry executive, and Cathy Minehan, Federal Reserve Chairman Boston.
Bobst Library:
The
Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, built between 1967 and 1972, is the largest
library at NYU and one of the largest academic libraries in the United
States. Designed by Philip Johnson and Richard Foster, the 12-story,
425,000-square-foot (39,500 m2) structure sits on the southern edge of
Washington Square Park (at 70 Washington Square South) and is the
flagship of an eight-library, 4.5 million-volume system. Bobst Library
offers one Multidisciplinary Reference Center, a Research Commons, 28
miles of open-stacks shelving, and approximately 2,000 seats for student
study. The library is visited by more than 6,800 users each day, and
circulates more than one million books annually.
Bobst's
Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media is one of the world's largest
academic media centers, where students and researchers use more than
95,000 audio and video recordings per year. The Digital Studio offers a
constantly evolving, leading-edge resource for faculty and student
projects and promotes and supports access to digital resources for
teaching, learning, research and arts events.
Bobst
Library is also home to significant special collections. The Fales
Collection houses one of the finest collections of English and American
fiction in the United States, the unique Downtown Collection,
documenting the New York literary avante-garde arts scene from the 1970s
to the present, and the Food and Cookery Collection, which documents
American food history with a focus on New York City. Bobst Library also
houses the Tamiment Library, one of the finest collections in the world
for scholarly research in labor history, socialism, anarchism,
communism, and American radicalism. Tamiment includes the Robert F.
Wagner Labor Archives, the Archives of Irish America, the Center for the
Cold War and the U.S., and the Frederic Ewen Academic Freedom Center.
New facilities
Since
the early 2000s, NYU has developed new facilities on and around its
Washington Square Campus. The Kimmel Center for University Life was
built in 2003 as the primary location for the university's student
services offices. It also houses the Skirball Center for the Performing
Arts, the Rosenthal Pavilion, the Eisner & Lubin Auditorium, and the
Loeb Student Center. The School of Law built Furman Hall in 2004,
incorporating elements of two historic buildings into the new facade,
one of which had been occupied by poet Edgar Allan Poe.
In
2005, NYU announced the development of a new life science facility on
Waverly Place, the first new NYU science building since the opening of
Meyer Hall in 1971.[75] In November 2005, NYU announced plans to build a
26-floor, 190,000-square-foot (18,000 m2) residence hall on 12th
Street. The residence hall, named "Founders Hall", accommodates
approximately 700 undergraduates and contains a host of other student
facilities. It is currently the tallest building in the East Village.
Brooklyn campus
NYU's
Brooklyn campus is located at MetroTech Center, an urban
academic-industrial research park,and is only a few subway stops from
the Washington Square campus. It houses the School of Engineering, the
Center for Urban Science and Progress and also several of Tisch School
of the Arts and Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human
Development's degree programs. The Brooklyn campus also houses NYU's
Game Center Open Library, which is the largest collection of games held
by any university in the world. The NYU shuttle bus system connects the
Brooklyn campus with the Washington Square campus.
Other campuses and facilities
The
New York University School of Medicine is situated near the East River
waterfront at 550 First Avenue between East 30th and 34th Streets. The
campus hosts the medical school, Tisch Hospital, and the Rusk Institute
of Rehabilitation Medicine.[81] Other NYU Centers across the city
include NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases and the Bellevue Hospital
Center. NYU's Silver School of Social Work (formerly Ehrenkranz School
of Social Work) manages branch campus programs in Westchester County at
Manhattanville College, in Rockland County at St. Thomas Aquinas
College, and on Staten Island at the City University of New York's
College of Staten Island.
In
Sterling Forest, near Tuxedo, NYU has a research facility that contains
institutes, in particular the Nelson Institute of Environmental
Medicine. The Midtown Center at 11 West 42nd Street is home to the NYU
Schack Institute of Real Estate. The Woolworth Building in the financial
district is home to NYU's professional studies and education programs.
NYU
has two units located on the Upper East Side. The Institute for the
Study of the Ancient World, a discrete entity within NYU, independent of
any other school or department of the university, is located on East
84th Street,[87] while the New York University Institute of Fine Arts, a
graduate school of art history and fine arts, is located at the James
B. Duke Building at 1 East 78th Street.
The
Tandon School of Engineering has locations in Brooklyn and Manhattan.
It is one of the oldest private engineering schools in the United
States.
NYU
has international houses on its Manhattan campus, including the
Deutsches Haus, La Maison Française, Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò, the
Glucksman Ireland House, the King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center, the
Hagop Kevorkian Center, an Africa House and a China House.
Campuses abroad
Tisch
School of the Arts, Asia was NYU's first branch campus abroad. The
result of a partnership between Tisch School of the Arts and the
Singapore Government, it offered Master of Fine Arts degrees in
animation and digital arts, dramatic writing, film and international
media producing. The campus opened in fall 2007 with the intention to
enroll approximately 250 students. Anticipated enrolment figures were
not achieved, financial irregularities were alleged and President Pari
Sara Shirazi was dismissed from her post by NYU in November 2011. She
subsequently announced her intention to commence legal proceedings
against NYU alleging wrongful termination and defamation. In a letter to
the Tisch Asia community dated November 8, 2012, Dean Mary Schmidt
Campbell announced that the campus would close after 2014 with
recruitment and admission of new students suspended with immediate
effect.
NYU
has a host of foreign facilities used for study abroad programs,
referred to as Global Academic Centers. As of 2012, NYU operates 14
academic sites – both degree-granting research university campuses and
study abroad sites – in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, Australia,
Europe, North America, and South America, including undergraduate
academic-year and summer study abroad programs in New York City,
Florence, London, Paris, Prague, Berlin, Accra, Madrid, Shanghai, Buenos
Aires, Tel Aviv, Abu Dhabi, Sydney, and Washington, D.C. One of the
most noteworthy is the 57-acre (230,000 m2) campus of NYU Florence Villa
LaPietra in Italy, bequeathed by the late Sir Harold Acton to NYU in
1994.
In
fall 2010, NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) opened as the university's first
overseas "Portal Campus" with an inaugural class of 150 students.[97]
Unlike NYU's other study abroad centers, NYUAD functions as a separate
liberal arts college within a university, offering complete degree
programs to students admitted directly to NYUAD. NYUAD recruits students
from all over the world and describes itself as the "World's Honor
College". The main campus for NYUAD is under construction on Saadiyat
Island and is scheduled to open in 2014. Until then the school operates
from a campus located in downtown Abu Dhabi. The campus construction and
operational costs are entirely funded by the Abu Dhabi government.
In
2011, NYU announced plans to open another portal campus, New York
University Shanghai, for the fall semester of 2013. It was set to have
about 3,000 undergraduate students, the majority of whom would be
Chinese. It was approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's
Republic of China in January 2011. NYU's local partner will be East
China Normal University (ECNU). ECNU's president Yu Lizhong will be the
chancellor and play a major role in government relations while Jeffrey
S. Lehman, former president of Cornell amongst other positions, will
serve as vice chancellor and have "free rein in academic affairs".
In
spring 2014, NYU opened a new campus in Paris, in the student area of
the Quartier Latin, where NYU Law set up an EU Regulatory Policy Clinic
taught by Alberto Alemanno and Vincent Chauvet.
Sustainability
NYU
has made the greening of its campus a large priority. For example, NYU
has been the largest university purchaser of wind energy in the U.S.
since 2009. With this switch to renewable power, NYU is achieving
benefits equivalent to removing 12,000 cars from the road or planting
72,000 trees. In May 2008, the NYU Sustainability Task Force awarded
$150,000 in grants to 23 projects that would focus research and efforts
toward energy, food, landscape, outreach, procurement, transportation
and waste. These projects include a student-led bike-sharing program
modeled after Paris' Velib program with 30 bikes free to students,
staff, and faculty. NYU received a grade of "B" on the College
Sustainability Report Card 2010 from the Sustainable Endowments
Institute.
NYU
purchased 118 million kilowatt-hours of wind power during the 2006–2007
academic year – the largest purchase of wind power by any university in
the country and any institution in New York City. For 2007, the
university expanded its purchase of wind power to 132 million
kilowatt-hours.
The EPA ranked NYU as one of the greenest colleges in the country in its annual College & University Green Power Challenge.
Research:
NYU
manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any
university in the United States. In 2014, NYU received $524 million in
research grants from the National Science Foundation alone.
Admissions
Admission
to NYU's undergraduate programs is highly selective, with 18,500
admitted from an applicant pool of 60,322 (31%) for the class of 2019.
Total
freshman enrollment is 5,873 for the 2014–2015 academic year,
representing 49 states and 90 countries, with 19% as non-US citizens.
Most freshmen have a typical unweighted GPA of 3.5/A (90–95%) and are in
the top 10% of their high school graduating class. 50% of freshmen
score between 1900 and 2140 on the SAT and between 28 and 32 on the ACT.
The student-to-faculty ratio at the New York campus is 10:1, and less
than that at the Abu Dhabi and Shanghai campuses. The average
scholarship amount awarded to freshmen is $29,528, and 22% of freshmen
received Pell Grants.
In
the 2014–2015 academic year, NYU enrolled more international students
than any other US academic institution, led by students from China.
Rankings
University rankings
National
ARWU 19
U.S. News & World Report 32
Global
ARWU 27
QS 53
Times 30
School Rankings
Ranking #
US News & World Report (Medicine) 14
US News & World Report (Law) 6
US News & World Report (MBA) 11
US News & World Report (Nursing) 6
US News & World Report (Public Affairs) 6
Nationally,
NYU is ranked #14 in the Center For World University Rankings,#15 by
Global Language Monitor, #17 by QS World University Rankings, #19 in the
Academic Ranking of World Universities, #24 by Business Insider, and
#32 by U.S. News & World Report.
Globally,
NYU is ranked #18 in the Center for World University Rankings,#19 in
International Colleges and Universities,#27 in the Academic Ranking of
World Universities, #30 in the Times Higher Education World University
Rankings, and #53 in the QS World University Rankings.Additionally, NYU
is ranked 20th in the THE World Reputation Rankings.
U.S.
News & World Report ranks NYU's graduate schools #6 for law, #6 for
public policy, #9 for math (#1 for applied math ), #10 for occupational
therapy, #10 for business, #11 for economics, #15 for political
science, #19 for medical school research, #20 for education, #21 for
nursing, #27 for physical therapy, #29 for computer science, #30 for
psychology, and #46 for engineering. In 2010, The Foreign Policy
Association ranks the Center for Global Affairs (CGA) in the NYU School
of Professional Studies one of the top 10 international relations and
public policy graduate programs in the United States. NYU is
consistently ranked by The Foreign Policy Association as one of the Top
25 schools in the world to earn a master's degree in International
Relations.
Globally,
NYU's social sciences are ranked #8 by the Academic Ranking of World
Universities, #15 by the Times Higher Education World University
Rankings,[142] and #16 by the QS World University Rankings. NYU is
globally ranked #11 for psychology by The QS World University Ranking.
The Social Psychology Network ranks NYU #5 for industrial/organizational
psychology, #14 for clinical psychology, and the U.S. News & World
Report ranks NYU #9 for social psychology and #9 for behavioral
neuroscience.
The
U.S. News & World Report ranks the New York University School of
Law #1 for tax law and #1 for international law. The publication also
ranks The Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service #6 in
public policy. The NYU Department of Philosophy is globally ranked #1 by
the The Philosophical Gourmet Report and the QS World University
Rankings. In The Los Angeles Times, NYU Tisch School of Arts is ranked
#1 for film by Ranker. NYU is ranked #1 for New Ivies by college
resource guide Unigo. The Princeton Review ranked NYU in student college
admission choices as #1 in 2006, #1 in 2007, and #4 in 2013.The annual
Global Employability Survey in The New York Times ranks NYU #11
nationally and #29 globally for employability.
Student organizations
A bus system transports students to and from the far ends of campus.
NYU
has over 450 student clubs and organizations on campus.In addition to
the sports teams, fraternities, sororities, and study clubs, there are
many organizations on campus that focus on entertainment, arts, and
culture. These organizations include various student media clubs: for
instance, the daily student newspaper the Washington Square News, the
NYU Local daily blog, The Plague comedy magazine, "Washington Square
Local web-based satire news source, and the literary journals Washington
Square Review and The Minetta Review, as well as student-run event
producers such as the NYU Program Board and the Inter-Residence Hall
Council. It also operates radio station WNYU-FM 89.1 with a diverse
college radio format, transmitting to the entire New York metropolitan
area from the original campus, and via booster station WNYU-FM1 which
fills in the signal in lower Manhattan from atop one of the Silver
Towers, next to the football field at the Washington Square campus.
The
New York University Mock Trial team is consistently ranked as one of
the best collegiate mock trial teams in the country. NYU has qualified
for the National Championship Tournament for ten consecutive seasons and
placed in the top ten during each of those years. In the 2009-2010
season, NYU won the 26th National Championship Tournament in Memphis
over rival Harvard. The following season, they qualified for the final
round once more only to be the runner-ups to UCLA. In the American Mock
Trial Association's 2015-2016 power rankings, NYU ranks third, behind
Harvard and Yale.
During
the University Heights era, an apparent rift evolved with some
organizations distancing themselves from students from the downtown
schools. The exclusive Philomathean Society operated from 1832 to 1888
(formally giving way in 1907 and reconstituted into the Andiron Club).
Included among the Andiron's regulations was "Rule No.11: Have no
relations save the most casual and informal kind with the downtown
schools". The Eucleian Society, rival to the Philomathean Society, was
founded in 1832. The Knights of the Lamp was a social organization
founded in 1914 at the School of Commerce. This organization met every
full moon and had a glowworm as its mascot. The Red Dragon Society,
founded in 1898, is thought to be the most selective society at NYU. In
addition, NYU's first yearbook was formed by fraternities and "secret
societies" at the university.
NYU
has traditions which have persisted across campuses. Since the
beginning of the 20th century initiation ceremonies have welcomed
incoming NYU freshmen. At the Bronx University Heights Campus, seniors
used to grab unsuspecting freshmen, take them to a horse-watering
trough, and then dunk them head-first into what was known colloquially
as "the Fountain of Knowledge". This underground initiation took place
until the 1970s. Today freshmen take part in university-sponsored
activities during what is called "Welcome Week". In addition, throughout
the year the university traditionally holds Apple Fest (an apple-themed
country fest that began at the University Heights campus), the Violet
Ball (a dance in the atrium of Bobst Library), Strawberry Fest
(featuring New York City's longest Strawberry Shortcake), and the
semi-annual midnight breakfast where Student Affairs administrators
serve free breakfast to students before finals.
Students
publish a campus comedy magazine, The Plague. Like many college humor
magazines, this often pokes fun at popular culture as well as campus
life and the idiosyncrasies of New York University.The Plague was
founded in 1978 by Howard Ostrowsky along with Amy Burns, John Rawlins,
Joe Pinto and Dan Fiorella, and is currently published once per
semester. It is not NYU's first humor magazine, as The Medley was a
humor magazine published by the Eucleian Society from 1913 to 1950.